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英语备考交流汇总 2005-7-8 12:53:00 | ||
| 作者:lucas8 // 本版专辑 // 发贴数:16 // 积分:178 // 注册:2005-6-13 | ||
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寻求答案 2005-7-8 17:05:00 | ||
| 作者:ABC // 本版专辑 // 发贴数:366 // 积分:1549 // 注册:2005-7-4 | ||
A.in that B.for that C.with that D.at that |
太简单还是太难,怎么没人回答? 2005-7-11 15:35:00 | ||
| 作者:ABC // 本版专辑 // 发贴数:366 // 积分:1549 // 注册:2005-7-4 | ||
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B,表示原因用for 2005-7-11 15:59:00 | ||
| 作者:summer // 本版专辑 // 发贴数:228 // 积分:930 // 注册:2005-6-11 | ||
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猜 词 技 巧 2005-7-13 12:33:00 | ||
| 作者:star // 本版专辑 // 发贴数:116 // 积分:482 // 注册:2005-6-6 | ||
1、通过标点符号断定某一词的含义 The principal -- money he put in his savings account to earn interest –- was safe even though the bank was closed by the police. 解析:在这句话中,破折号引出principal 的同位语即:principal is money he put in his savings account to earn interest. principal 是他放在存款帐户上用以挣利息的东西,因此principal的含义:本金,资本,即 sum of money。 还有其它常见的通过标点符号解释词义的有:逗号,分号,括号。 2、一些词组常引出前面词的定义,这些常见词组有:this is, meaning, such as, or, is called. Carlos. looked dazed, that is, stunned, as if someone had shocked him with bad news or with a heavy blow to the head. 解析:that is 后stunned 就是dazed 的意思,即:吃惊的。 3、一些句中的难词可通过其同义词、反义词猜测它的含义。 Eight – year – old Darryl always stayed out of trouble in school, He annoyed no one and caused no harm. However, his younger brother, Herman, was known for his impish behavior. A. well – behaved B. friendly C. cute D. causing mischief 解析:however 引导两个意义对比的句子:annoy no one, causing no harm 的反义词即为:causing mischief. mischief: injury, damage. 故答案为D。 4、有时可利用自己的生活经验、常识等判断一个词的含义。 Matha’s husband and mother died within a month of each other, and she cried often at her terrible sorrows. 解析:根据生活经历,任何人亲属的去世都将给本人带来巨大的悲痛。因此sorrow 即great sadness,巨大的悲痛,悲伤。 5、很多时候后面句子进一步解释前面句子中关键词的含义,因此,看懂后面的句子,关键词的含义也就迎刃而解。 The lovely wooden tray had grown brittle. It was dry and hard, and it cracked easily. 解析:一样东西变得干燥,硬而且很容易裂缝,那么其特性就是:易碎的。 6、对于一些偏词或难以理解的词,作者经常在这些词之后非常准确地给出这个词的定义,阅读时应特别留心。 Police work now often includes the use of the polygraph. A polygraph is an instrument used to detect lies. A. police work B. guns and other police instruments C. lie detector D. liar 解析:用于探测谎言的仪器,当然是测谎仪,故答案是C。 7、有时句子列举出属于生词语义范围的一些例子,通过理解这些范例,便可归纳出词的含义。 Legumes, such as string beans, lima beans, and green peas, are important in your diet. 解析:也许legumes 对你来说是难词,但后面such as 引出属于legume 的各类东西:beans 豆子; string bean 菜豆;pea 豌豆,因此,legume 为豆科类。 8、在一些句了中,会需要利用你已知道的词来解释生词、难词,仔细阅读句子,便可推断生词的含义。 First, what forced emigrants to make the decision to leave? One major cause of the exodus among European peasants was the rise in population which in turn led to land hunger. A. returning of many people B. going away or leaving of many people C. gathering together of many people D. land hunger 解析:从句子中可判断,exodus 的含义是 leaving of many people 答案是B 9、一词多义的情况有很多,而想要知道这一词在某句话中的确切含义,除了应了解这一词的基本意义外,还应根据上下文及这一词的前后词判断它的含义,而这正是中国学生学习词汇时的难点。 1)Please light the fire in the fire place. (点燃) 2)Esteban wore a light jacket despite the cold. (薄的) 3)I painted my room a light blue. (淡的) 4)We didn’t know about his criminal record; only today has it come to light. (come to light 真相大白) 5)The wall cuts off our light. (视线) 判断词在段落中的含义 1. He could not log on – that is, reach his file in the computer – because he had used a capital letter to spell his last name. The computer recognized his name only when the initial letter was in lowercase. Log on means . 2. The most important crop in South China is rice. If you could fly over South China during certain times of the year, you might think you were looking down into a giant mirror. What you saw would not be glass, however. Instead, it would be thousands of water – covered fields called paddies, Those are the fields where rice is grown. Fields are flooded with about fifteen centimeters (six inches) of water, and rice seedlings are planted, While the rice grows, farmers work hard to keep the fields free of weeds, Just before the harvest, the water is drained from the fields, The rice is then harvested, tied into bundles, and dried in the sun for about a week. Finally, farmers thresh the rice, separating the grains from the stalks. Paddies means . Flooded means . Drained means . Harvested means . Thresh means . |
[转贴]学好英语的10个诀窍 2005-7-13 16:46:00 | ||
| 作者:flow // 本版专辑 // 发贴数:695 // 积分:3233 // 注册:2005-7-13 | ||
有些教学录音带为配合初学者的学习,故意放慢语速,这对英语听力的训练是不够的。如果听语速正常的英语,初学者又会感到力不从心。英语气象报告的速度虽快,但词汇简单固定,内容单纯,重复的可能性大,而且在生活中随时都可以印证,是听力入门的好教材。 第二要诀:收听中国国际广播电台的英语广播 中国国际广播电台(China Radio International)每天早上7:00--8:00,中午11:00--12:00各有一小时的英语节目。内容包括国内外新闻,剪报集锦和各类系列的专题报道。除了英语标准流利的国内播音员担任广播之外,也有向外侨或访客就某一话题而做的录音访问。内容广泛,但词汇较简单,语速亦适中,可以藉此训练或增进英语的听力。 第三要诀:善用录音带锻炼听说能力 有些学习者总是习惯于一边看书一边听磁带,把磁带当成阅读的辅助工具,这样打不到锻炼听力的目的。录音带应该是以听说能力的训练为主。学习者要选用与自己能力相适应的听力磁带,不要急于求成,以免产生受挫心理。先反复聆听磁带内容,起先只要抓住梗概,多听几次后,对细节的了解便越来越多。听力较差的人,可先阅读课文,然后再集中精力领会每段每句的意思。这样练习有助于培养倾听时注意力的集中,使您的听力迅速进步。 第四要诀:听正常语速的英语,才能加速听力的进步 很多广播教学和听力教材总是为了配合听众或学习者的程度而故意放慢语速,这虽是无可厚非的变通方法,但也会产生一些不良的副作用。例如:1.听惯了语速放慢的英语,在与外国人的实际交往中,就很难适应,甚至听不懂他们用正常语速讲的英语。2.故意放慢语速时,通常会把一句中每个词都清楚的读出来,但在正常的会话中会出现很多同化(assimilation),减弱(reduction),连音(liaision)的现象。所以,听语速正常的英语对于听力和会话极为重要。 第五要诀:从电视,电影中学习英语 看英文电视,电影不仅能了解西方人的文化和生活,而且也是学习地道英语和提高英语听力的好机会。选取的影片最好是以现代生活为背景的文艺片或喜剧片。如果您的听力不错,要养成不看字幕的习惯。程度稍差的就不要勉强自己,否则英语没学成反倒破坏了欣赏电影的好心情。这种情况下,您可以先看字幕了解剧情(如果是电视节目那就要先录下来),再重新看一至数遍,您的听力就可在轻松的心情下,随着您对剧情了解的增多而迅速提高。 第六要诀:和朋友表演影片情节 在英语学习中,我们经常会与朋友或同学相约用英语交谈来提高英语会话能力,但经常感到自己的语言贫乏,所谈内容有限。现在不妨试试这种方法:配合前节所讲的“从电视,电影中学习英语”,先依据电影情节节选一个或多个片段,个人选定一个角色,然后在影片看熟之后试着把台词誊录成文字并背下来,最后进行排练表演。经常做这种练习,不仅对英语会话和听力大有好处,而且对语法和写作也是很好的锻炼。 有一套免费软件《英语口语句句通》( http://jbp.home.shangdu.net/ )作为收听练习口语的入门工具是非常不错的。 第七要诀:朗诵英文诗 英语是否流利取决于对节奏的正确掌握。英语是按单词和句子的重音来分节奏的。英文诗是练习英语节奏的最好材料之一。例如 Worsworth 著名的“The Daffodils”(水仙花):“I wandered lonely as a cloud/That floats on high o'er vales and hills...”(我象一片白云孤独的游荡,飘越过溪谷和群山......)便是典型的弱强节奏。读熟之后,大声朗诵,一定获益非浅。 第八要诀:唱歌学英语 比朗诵英文诗更有效的是唱英文歌曲。唱英文歌可以帮您练习发音(pronunciation),语调(intonation)和节奏(rhythm),又可以让您在很愉快的心情下背会很多单词和句型,真是一举数得。所选的英文歌曲最好语言优美,语法正规。起先可以从童谣入手,再渐渐的学唱抒情歌曲。学唱之前先要将歌词朗读几遍再跟着磁带学唱,唱熟后能背更好。 第九要诀:特别注意英文没有的发音 英语中有些读音是中文中没有的,这些也是我们英语学习者最困惑的读音,例如“th”的发音,发这种音时要特别注意口型的正确。 第十要诀:背诵名人演说词,找机会复诵出来 好的演说在用字遣辞上不但求其优美而且特别注重沟通力和说服力,是练习英语表达的最佳教材。学习者不必将演说词从头到尾的背诵,只要选择自己喜欢的段落或句子来背即可。例如:肯尼迪总统的名言“Ask not what your country can do for you,ask what you can do for your country.”(不要问你的国家能为你做什么,要问你能为你的国家做什么。)这类的妙言嘉句背多了之后,对于说话,写作都会有不少的帮助。 |
怎样写好英语句子 2005-7-15 14:13:00 | ||
| 作者:MPAcc // 本版专辑 // 发贴数:1162 // 积分:4777 // 注册:2005-7-14 | ||
第一、英语底子太薄。 第二、词汇量太小,且对已学词汇记忆不清。 第三、表达思想不清楚。 下面我们以考生的实际作文来进行一下分析。 1) Some one consider that fresh water will not touch it's end.(96年1月,2分) 2) One man's life lack of money, he will impossible to live on. (95年1月,5分) 3) As is know, that there are much fake commodities in today's society.(97年12月,6分) 这里引述的例句与考生通篇作文的写作水平是一致的,其中5、6分的例句具有典型性,代表了近乎中等水平考生的写作水平。从这些例句中不难看出,中等水平的考生,事实上也包括中上等水平的考生,在写作上存在的主要问题是表达思想不清楚。 表达思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中严重汉化的英语,即中式英语,比如: "man can live happiness", "Man is iron, and food is steel.", "Women are half side sky."。此外,语言错误的普遍性和严重性十分惊人,比如,主谓不一致,名词单复数不分,动词时态语态滥用,常用词拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想的表达。考试实践表明,多数考生在写作上的主要欠缺不是系统的写作理论和方法,而是最基本的单句写作能力。 文章无论长短,都是由句子组成的,句子是表达思想的最基本的单位。因此,句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚,将直接影响整篇文章的写作质量。大学英语四、六级考试和研究生入学英语考试的实践都表明,考生写作成绩长期得不到明显提高的主要原因是欠缺写好单句的能力。 为改变这种状况,我们将从剖析考生作文中的典型病句入手,对写作测试中的基本句子结构和写法进行评议和分析,来帮助考生进一步提高句子写作能力。 否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词,be和have后面加not之外,还有许多不含not的否定结构。若能正确使用他们,文章会显得生动活泼,增加写作的闪光点。下面我们就来看看: 1. 含有否定意义的词汇和短语 以下列举的词和词组本身就具有否定的含义,因此无需用否定词。 介词against, beyond, but, except, without,... 形容词和动词absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to, reluctant, lack, want,... 短语keep...from, protect...from, prevent...from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, too...to, by no means, anything but,... 我们看以下例句: 1) Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries. 在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等的权利。 2) This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis. 这不是解决能源危机的最好的办法。 3) We should protect trees from being destroyed. 我们应保护树木,不让它们受破坏。 4) In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines. 在旧中国,我们连一个钉子都造不了,更不用说制造机器了。 2. 含有半否定意义的词语 barely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything,...具 有半否定的意义。例句: 1) We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago. 几年前在冬天市场上很难见到新鲜蔬菜。 2) These young people know little about how to choose good books to read. 这些年轻人几乎不知道如何挑选优秀的书籍来读。 3. 不含否定意义的否定结构 有些词和词组形式上是否定结构,但其含义是肯定的,比如:cannot but, can't help, no sooner...than, not...until, in no time, none other than, nothing but,等等。例句: 1) We can't but face the reality. 我们只有面对现实。 2) These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time. 这些旧建筑将很快为现代化的公寓所代替。 4. 否定结构的倒装语序 我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首,这时句子结构应倒装。例如: 1) On no account should we follow blindly.我们决不应当盲从。 2) No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in our country.没有任何其他地方有我国这样高的学习热情。 5.含有it的结构 考生病句: 1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. 2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect. 正确表达: 1. It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. (或:As is known to all of us, science...) 2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect. (或:As is known to us, practice...) 评议与分析: 例句1是93年12月六级考试11分作文的评分样卷句子,例句2选自97年1月四级考试作文。很显然,两个考生混淆了it和as的用法。如果用it作形式主语,后面的主语从句必须由that引起;如果用as,则后面不能用that,因为as是关系代词,代表practice makes perfect。 It 在英语中是个相当活跃的代词,在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几种用法应熟练掌握,并能灵活运用。 1.作形式主语 It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes difference whether we could purify the air or not. 2.作形式宾语 We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that. Modern science has made it possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer. 3.引导强调句 It is only by this way that we can achieve success. It was then that people began to realize the importance of controlling population. 从语法结构来看,上述的句子都不难,或者可以说是考生相当熟悉的。然而在写作考试中,多数考生缺乏运用自己已掌握的句式的意识,而以自己头脑中拼凑的中式英语取而代之。其实,只要能恰当地运用上述的任何一个句式,考生的作文就会出现闪光点,就会取得比较好的成绩。 |
真棒 2005-7-17 20:33:00 | ||
| 作者:shanshui99 // 本版专辑 // 发贴数:9 // 积分:37 // 注册:2005-7-17 | ||
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英语习语集锦 2005-7-18 15:49:00 | ||
| 作者:MPAcc // 本版专辑 // 发贴数:1162 // 积分:4777 // 注册:2005-7-14 | ||
例句:In her hometown, she was a big fish in a small pond,but after she moved to New York, she was just only one among many millions. 在她家乡,她很了不起。可是搬到纽约后,她就不过是芸芸众生之一了。 a stone's throw 一箭之遥 例句: He lives only a stone's throw from here. 他住的地方离这儿只有一箭之遥。 all gone 希望等的"消逝", 物品等的"丢失"。 例句:My goodness! My bag is all gone. 天呀!我的包不见了。 Our hopes were all gone. 我们的希望成泡影了。 all for it 对别人的看法或意见"完全同意","完全赞成" 例句: Go ahead with your plan. I'm all for it. 进行你的计划吧, 我完全赞成。 all in all 常用的片语,表示"总的来说","总而言之", 例句: He has his faults, but all in all, he is a good guy. as clear as mud 不清晰,混乱 例句:Your explanation is as clear as mud. 你的解释一点都不清晰。 as soft as down 柔软如绒毛 例句:I lay fast asleep on the couch, which was as soft as down, and did not wake until late in the morning. 我在软如绒毛般的长沙发椅上睡着了,一直睡到早晨很晚才醒来。 at full blast 全速地;大规模地 例句:When we visited the place, work on the construction site was at full blast and all the workers seemed to be working very hard. 当我们去参观时,建筑工地的工作已经全面展开,而且所有的人都在忙碌着。 be above board 光明正大的 be crazy about 爱的发狂 例句: I am really crazy about Michael Jackson's rock'n'roll. 我对麦克杰克逊的摇滚爱的发狂。 be for the birds 荒唐可笑的;毫无价值的 例句:Their opinions on art are simply for the birds. 他们对艺术的见解真是荒唐可笑。 beat it 叫人"走开"的口语,和"Be off!差不多,不过比后者更流行。 例句:He kept on bothering me, so I told him to beat it. 他不停地烦我,因此我叫他走开。 beat ones brains (out) 指做事困难,"伤透了脑筋" 例句:I beat my brains (out) to get a job. 为了找寻工作,我伤透了脑筋。 beat sb to the draw 抢先某人行动 例句: Mary wanted to buy that painting by Picasso, but another millionaire beat her to the draw. 玛丽想买毕加索的那幅画,不过另一个百万富翁捷足先登了。 beat someone by miles 远强于某人 例句:When it comes to fishing, I beat him by miles. 讲到钓鱼,我比他棒得多。 beef 口语上常用来指"抱怨"或"发牢骚";作动词时后面跟about. 例句:Tell me what's your beef? 你抱怨什么? before you know it 口语为"很快"。 例句:I come back before you know it. 我很快就会回来。 behave yourself 劝人要有礼貌和行为检点,意思相同的口语还有"Watch you manner.""Watch your P's and Q's".和"Don't get fresh." 例句:Please behave yourself before the guests. 在宾客之前你检点一些。 behind bars 坐牢 例句:The judge will put him behind bars for at least two years. 法官最低限度也会判他坐两年牢。 behind the scenes(behind the curtain) 幕后 例句:He is the man behind the scenes. 他是幕后人物。 between ourselves 秘密地说 例句: Between ourselves, there are no secrets. 咱们私下说说,没什么秘密。 beyond the seas 在国外,在海外 例句: He had a good time when he was beyond the seas. 他在国外时曾过得很快活。 butt in 插手,介入 例句: Pardon me for butting in on your conversation, but this is important. 请原谅我打断了你们的谈话,不过这件事非常重要。 by and large 大体上,总的看来 例句: I cannot totally take your point,but by and large I think yours is reasonable. 我不能完全同意你的观点,但大体上你的观点是有道理的。 call the shots 做决断 例句: To be a leader, you should know how to call the shots. 作为领导,你应该知道怎么做决断。 card up one's sleeve 锦囊妙计 例句:Bill always has a card up one's sleeve, so whenever faced up with a puzzle, he could find a way. 比尔总有锦囊妙计,所以任何时候遇到难题,他总能找到方法解决。 clown around 胡闹 例句: That boy is seldom serious about anything. He's always clowning around. 这个男孩对任何事情都不认真,他总是胡闹。 cook up 虚构 例句:I have to cook up an excuse for being late for class. 我必须为上课迟到编个借口。 crocodile tears 鳄鱼的眼泪,假慈悲 例句: Don't shed crocodile tears over his misfortune, I know you hate him. 不要假惺惺的为他的厄运假慈悲了, 我知道你恨他。 cry over spilled milk 为打翻的牛奶流泪, 做无益的后悔 例句: I know that you have lost your purse, but since it had happened, let it go, please don't cry over spilled milk. 我知道你丢了钱夹,不过既然这件事已经发生了,就让它去,不要做无益的后悔。 down and out 穷困潦倒,孤苦无助 例句: People should lend him a helpful hand;he's really down and out. 人们应该助他一臂之力,他已经穷困潦倒了。 eat like a bird 胃口小,吃的少 例句: Lily is very slim bacause she eats like a bird. 百合十分苗条,因为她吃的少。 far and away 毋庸置疑 例句: Tom is far and away the best lecturer in our department. 毋庸置疑,这是你们系最好的演讲者。 for good 永远 例句: smoke less everyday, then you might be able to quit smoking for good. 每天少吸烟一点, 你就可能会永远戒掉烟。 get fired 炒鱿鱼 例句: The anchorman of the BBC network's evening news got fired. 我听说CBC电视网的晚间新闻主播被炒鱿鱼。 get it (all) together 不慌不忙;沉着冷静 例句:I hope he gets it all together soon. His life is a mess. 我希望他尽快地安定下来。他的生活一团糟。 get one's goat 使人发怒或厌恶 例句: It really got Mr. Brown's goat when he had to wait two hours to get his plane tickets. 不得不等上两个小时才拿到飞机票实在是让布朗先生生气。 get out of the bed on the wrong side 指平时脾气好的人突然变得很暴躁,难以相处 例句:What's the matter with you today? Have you got out of the bed on the wrong side. 你今天怎么啦?为什么乱发脾气? give an ear to 听一听 例句: The owner of the factory gave an ear to the complaints of the workers. 工厂老板倾听了工人们的抱怨。 grasp at a straw 抓救命稻草 例句: The criminal tried to grasp at a straw by feigning mental disorder. 罪犯装疯,企图抓住一根救命稻草。 guts 勇气 美国人习惯用的口语,英国人则多用courage。 |
经典谚语30句 2005-7-18 15:51:00 | ||
| 作者:MPAcc // 本版专辑 // 发贴数:1162 // 积分:4777 // 注册:2005-7-14 | ||
(过去的痛苦就是快乐。)[无论多么艰难一定要咬牙冲过去,将来回忆起来一定甜蜜无比。] 2. While there is life, there is hope. (有生命就有希望/留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。) 3. Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand. (脑中有知识,胜过手中有金钱。)[从小灌输给孩子的坚定信念。] 4. Storms make trees take deeper roots. (风暴使树木深深扎根。)[感激敌人,感激挫折!] 5. Nothing is impossible for a willing heart. (心之所愿,无所不成。)[坚持一个简单的信念就一定会成功。] 6. The shortest answer is doing. (最简单的回答就是干。)[想说流利的英语吗?那么现在就开口!心动不如嘴动。] 7. All things are difficult before they are easy. (凡事必先难后易。)[放弃投机取巧的幻想。] 8. Great hopes make great man. (伟大的理想造就伟大的人。) 9. God helps those who help themselves.(天助自助者。) 10. Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more. (四个简短的词汇概括了成功的秘诀:多一点点!) [比别人多一点努力、多一点自律、多一点决心、多一点反省、多一点学习、多一点实践、多一点疯狂,多一点点就能创造奇迹!] 11. In doing we learn.(实践长才干。) 12. East or west, home is best.(东好西好,还是家里最好。) 13. Two heads are better than one.(三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮。) 14. Good company on the road is the shortest cut.(行路有良伴就是捷径。) 15. Constant dropping wears the stone.(滴水穿石。) 16. Misfortunes never come alone/single.(祸不单行。) 17. Misfortunes tell us what fortune is.(不经灾祸不知福。) 18. Better late than never.(迟做总比不做好;晚来总比不来好。) 19. It's never too late to mend.(过而能改,善莫大焉;亡羊补牢,犹未晚也。) 20. If a thing is worth doing it is worth doing well.(如果事情值得做,就值得做好。) 21. Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.(无热情成就不了伟业。) 22. Actions speak louder than words.(行动比语言更响亮。) 23. Lifeless, faultless.(只有死人才不犯错误。) 24. From small beginning come great things.(伟大始于渺小。) 25. One today is worth two tomorrows.(一个今天胜似两个明天。) 26. Truth never fears investigation.(事实从来不怕调查。) 27. The tongue is boneless but it breaks bones.(舌无骨却能折断骨。) 28. A bold attempt is half success.(勇敢的尝试是成功的一半。) 29. Knowing something of everything and everything of something. (通百艺而专一长。)[疯狂咬舌头] 30. Good advice is beyond all price.(忠告是无价宝。) |
英语快速记忆-构词法 2005-7-22 15:15:00 | ||
| 作者:fool // 本版专辑 // 发贴数:277 // 积分:1240 // 注册:2005-7-19 | ||
为何在学构词法?我们认为,对于普通的医务专业人员来说,学点英语的构词方式,有以下几方面的益处: (1)了解词的结构,扩大巩固所学的词汇。在阅读科技文章和专业资料时,碰到生字可以由已知的成分去分析未知词的含义,甚至可以"猜字"。比如说,如果我们知道了词根anthropo-[man](人)的意思,就有难理解下面几个词的含义:anthropolgy(人类学)、anthropid(类人的)、anthropologist(人类学家)、anthropolgical(人类学的)、philanthropist(慈善家)、 misanthropist(厌世者)。其次,学习构词的方法对词汇的记忆和联想也是大有帮助的。 (2)为深刻理解词义有一定的帮助,如:人称外词后缀-ster有时含有轻蔑意味:trickster(骗子手)、gamester(赌棍)、rhymster(打油诗人)、gangster(歹徒)、monster(恶人)等。 (3)培养灵活运用词语的能力和善于造词的本领。比方,on-the-spot(现场的)、sixteen-in-one-group(十六进制的)、blue-black(蓝黑)、under-develop(发育不全)、middle-of-term(期中)、fecal-borne(粪便传播的)、hair-bulb(毛球)、fever-blister(发热性疱疹)、Mikulicz-Vladimiroff(米弗二氏)、mind-blindness(精神性盲)等等。 以上谈了构词的三种好处,但是也不能夸大其作用,因为词只是语言的基本素材,不能孤立看待。构词往往没有一定成规,有时还要靠惯用法(us-age)决定。初学者容易造出类似My doctor disadvised me to redouble my dosage(我的医生没有劝我加倍剂量)。的句子。这说明他们只是知其一而不知其二。因此,为初学英语者来说,最好是先扩大词汇,再学点构词法,以避免错误的发生。 最常用的英语构词方法有以下三种 (1)转化法conversion 转化法就是把一个词从一种词类转成另一种词类。例如:black a.(黑)→to blacken v.(使黑),这种转化被称为缀后(affixation)或派生(derivation).可以用改变词根的元音或辅音的方法,例如:hot a.(热)→to heat v.(热)、full a.(满)→to fill v.(装满)、whole a.(健康)→to heal v.(医治)、blood n.(血)→to bleed v.(出血)等,这叫做元级派生(primary derivation).也可以不改变词本身的拼法,转成其它词类,如:gangrene n.(坏疽)→gangrene v.(使生疽)、gargle n.(嗽喉)→gargle v.(嗽喉)、correct a.(正确的)→correct v.(纠正)、second num.(第二) →second vt.(支持)、image n.(影像)→image v.(作图像)sample n.(样品)→sample v.(取样),这些就属于转化(conversion)了。除此之外,还可以有种种的词类转化。 (2)合成法(composition)合成法就是把两个以上的词、组合成一个复合词。如:three year-old(三周岁的)、up-to-date(最新式的)、up-to-the-minute(非常时髦的)、peace-keeping(维持和平的)、take-off(飞机的起飞)、film-goers(电影观众)、easy-chair(沙发)、consulting-room(诊室)、over-estimate(估计过高)、outnumber(超过数目)、furrow-keratitis(勾状角膜炎)、esimate-ray (r射线)、gas-forming (产气)、giant-cell(巨细胞)、group-specific(类属特异性的),等等。 (3)缀后法(affixation)缀后法指在词上附加前缀或后缀,构成新词。比方名词兼动词的care的派生词有:careful a.→care n.+-ful (a. suf)、carefully adv.→careful a.+-ly (adv. suf)、carefulness n.→careful a.+-ness (n.suf),又比方:动词connect 的派生词有:disconnect v.→dis-+con-nect n.( 使分开)、connective a.→connect v.+-jve(有连接作用的)和connection n.→connect v.+ -ion(连接)。 除了上面三种最常用的构词法外,还有其它的构词方式,如:反成法(back-formation)缩略法(shortening),拟声法(imitation)和混合法(blend).因它们都不是本书讨论研究的重点,故这里就不再一一举例赘述了。 在开始研究本书的重点内容--缀合构词法之前,为方便起见,有必要先介绍几个有关词结构方面的概念。 (1) 词根和词干(root and stem)长期以来,语言学家对词根root有两种不同的理解,其一中把词根严格看作单章节的原始意义单位,这种词根为数不多,在英语 里,大约有460多个(见w.w.skeat,a primet if English etymology §102..)这对于研究词源学( etymology)或许是必要的,但对于普通的英语学习者,词不达意根就成了难以辩认的了,因此,它的用处不大。例如:narrow,narcissus,nerve,snare等词不达意的词不达意根都是sne.其二是把词不达意根看作同根词不达意共有的可以辩认的部分,不一定是单音节,也不一定是原始形式。比如:医学方面的词根有:ophthalmo-(眼),esophage-(食道),epithelio(上皮),reticulo-(网状),erythro-(红)等。换名话说,词不达意根指的是有些音节(不是前缀或后缀)在不同的词不达意里出现,而其根本形式和含义相同,如:error(错误),erratum(印刷错误),aberration(迷误),errkoneous(错的)的词不达意根都有是err-[to wander](离)。 (2) 词干(stem) 指的是未经词形变化的原形词。例如:动词to impede(hinder)的词根是impede,必须注意,词的词形变化(inflection)不属于构词法研究的对象,这是因为词的这些变化既不能改变词不达意的原意,又不能改变词类。比如:动词teach有时态的变化,即可以在其后加时态的词尾-ed或-ing,但这并不表明构造 出新的词来了。 (3) 前缀和后缀(prefix and suffix)前缀的后缀都是词根或单词,它们原来故地是独立的词或词根,但由于经常缀在其它词或词根的前后,辅助中心意义,逐渐就失去了独立的形式,读音意义而成为附加部分。前缀有一定的含义,缀前缀构成的词叫做合成词(compound).如:cohost →co-[together,with]+host.后缀只具有转变词的词类的功能,不改变其含义,但医学上,有些后缀本身有一定的含义。例如:-ate(盐酸),-ase(酶)等。缀后缀而成的词叫作派生词(derivative),例如:helpful a→help n. + -ful(a.suf),quickly adv. →quick a. + -ly (adv.suf)等。 |
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